The Court of Appeal has confirmed that, in cases involving direct discrimination in the workplace, it is the motive of the decision-maker that is important and not those who may have influenced the decision. Imogen Noons explains the importance of this for employers.
Direct discrimination cases
Direct discrimination: limited company can bring Equality Act claim
Age discrimination: young workers singled out for “aggressive” criticism win claims
CLFIS (UK) Ltd v Reynolds
Facts
Dr Reynolds was employed by Canada Life from 1968 until 1992. During this period, she worked as chief medical officer.
When her employment ended in 1992, Dr Reynolds entered into a consultancy agreement with Canada Life for her to continue to work as a chief medical officer.
Canada Life became concerned about Dr Reynolds’ performance. Among other things, Dr Reynolds would not attend Canada Life’s Bristol office and therefore any face-to-face conversations with her had to be carried out at her home in Wales.
Dr Reynolds did not use email and dictated that any hard copy documents must be sent to her home by fax or post, not recorded delivery. This was so that she did not have to leave her home to collect the documents if they were delivered while she was out.
In February 2010, the general manager of Canada Life was given a presentation by the managing director of Canada Life’s Bristol division that highlighted issues with Dr Reynolds’ performance.
Canada Life’s director of claims management also had input into the presentation. The presentation did not specifically advocate termination of Dr Reynolds’ consultancy agreement, but the general manager decided that termination was the appropriate next step.
In June 2010, the general manager gave the claimant notice of termination of her consultancy agreement. The general manager fabricated the reason for the termination in an attempt to soften the blow.
Employment tribunal claim
Dr Reynolds was 73 at this point and brought a claim in the employment tribunal that the termination of her consultancy agreement was direct age discrimination under the Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 (now repealed and replaced by the Equality Act 2010).
Under discrimination law, A directly discriminates against B if A treats B less favourably than he or she treats or would have treated another person on the ground of B’s age.
Employment tribunal decision
The employment tribunal dismissed the claim. The tribunal held that the decision to terminate the consultancy agreement was solely the general manager’s.
According to the tribunal, he had genuinely believed that Dr Reynolds’ performance was unsatisfactory and that she would have been unwilling to change, even if requested to do so.
Appeal to the EAT
Dr Reynolds appealed to the Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT).
She claimed that the tribunal should have taken into account the involvement of those employees who drafted the presentation that influenced the general manager’s decision.
The EAT allowed the appeal and remitted the claim to be heard by another tribunal.
The EAT held that age discrimination could occur where age has a significant impact on the final decision, even if the individual making the final decision did not act that way because of the age of the individual.
Court of Appeal decision
Canada Life appealed to the Court of Appeal, which allowed the employer’s appeal and restored the tribunal decision dismissing the age discrimination claim.
The Court of Appeal held that, had this case involved a number of individuals making the decision to terminate the consultancy agreement jointly, it would have been necessary to examine the mental processes of each of those individuals. However, the general manager had come to the decision to terminate the consultancy agreement on his own.
The Court of Appeal also held that the general manager’s comment that Dr Reynolds was incapable of change was unrelated to her age, but was based on his knowledge of Dr Reynolds and was not discriminatory.
Implications for employers
This case illustrates the importance of drilling down into who made the allegedly discriminatory decision from the outset of the claim.
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If one individual made the decision, it will not be necessary to scrutinise the mental processes of those influencing or feeding into that decision.
It is now clear that information and opinions supplied by others to the decision-maker will not mean that those individuals have participated in the final decision.
